The problem of dumping in world trade and measures that are taken to Dissertation

The problem of dumping in world trade and measures that are taken to stop it - Dissertation Example Measures that have been taken to stop dumping have always been and are still used as most significant devices by countries as a protection against imports. Measures to stop dumping tend to be supported over other trade remedies because unlike safeguard measures, they provide the opportunity for a selective approach. According to, the process used in anti-dumping legislations can give rise to increased dumping margins and actions unrelated to the actual market condition. This paper explains the concept of export dumping as well as the various forms it takes in the global trade. The paper details how Anti- Dumping (AD) legislations come into been and their relationship to article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The paper will further discuss WTO anti-dumping measures together with the procedural issues in anti-dumping cases. Additionally, it will elucidate the reason behind the practices of export dumping. Moreover, the paper gives the reasons why civilized and uncivilized nations have special interests in the AD processes especially in the global trade. Finally, the paper will provide an explanation as to why AD legislation is perceived as a problem in the global trade. Introduction Definition of dumping In the global market arena export dumping can be regarded as selling of products/goods at price which is less than the domestic price normally as exports in the world trade.2 Similarly, the practice of selling at value below cost used to produce them is also referred to as dumping. Usually, primary reason behind export dumping is to drive out competitors from the market. Additionally, 3purports that dumping is also done to get rid of the surplus of local trade. Some traders also resort to dumping when their products are unacceptable for the local market. In economic perspective, dumping is viewed as a form of predatory pricing whereby the term is frequently used in the context of global trade legislations.4 Under this backdrop, dumping i s regarded as an act whereby a manufacturer in a given country exports goods to an overseas country or countries at price below the one charges at its domestic market for similar product/s. Dumping huge amount of goods or products into a market will significantly reduce price of goods that are priced at the market place as it introduces goods priced below the market price. Supporters of free market implicate it negatively as they perceive it as a form of protectionism. Overall, dumping has various definitions from various contexts but it is widely defined as selling of products in a foreign market at a price below the one a given country charges for the same products in the home market.5 In other words, it is the selling at lower than fair value. According to,6 WTO and the GATT condemn the practice of export dumping at situations where it effects injures the economy of a country into which the goods are dumped although it does not prohibit it. Some countries take control of specific technology or method of production in the world trade. As a consequence, these countries monopolize these products or technologies. Such kinds of monopolies are also referred to as international dumping. In order to capture foreign markets for their goods or technologies, such countries sell their goods at foreign markets at a price below the one they charge in their domestic market. This act is normally adopted by producers who have monopolies in their local markets whereby the need for their goods is less elastic than in world trade.7 Types of Dumping In the world trade, there are generally three forms of dumping

Importance of art Essay Example for Free

Importance of art Essay Why is art important? This is a question many parents ask themselves when they are enrolling their child in school. â€Å"Arts education does solve problems. Years of research show that it is closely linked to almost everything that we as a nation say we want for our children and demand from our schools: academic achievement, social and emotional development, civic engagement, and equitable opportunity† (Smith). It is a proven fact that children involved in art make higher grades than children that are not involved. Exposure to the arts provides many important advantages because it affects the growth and progress of children and benefits children in many learning environments. Art is important to children in their developmental years because they are able to express themselves. You should start teaching art as early as possible. It also improves their learning process. Art makes children look forward to learning. Schools that have art programs usually have higher attendance. That is because students get excited about that art class and want to go to school and participate instead of their parents making them go to school. If there was no art in school, there would be more children dropping out and getting themselves in trouble. In some Dallas schools, they had budget cuts and had to cut some subjects and art was among those things. Many people worked to get art put back in some of those schools. Those people know how important art is and did their best to get it back for the children. Now the children are getting about forty five minutes a week of an art class of some sort. If a child starts in kindergarten, they will learn how to be confident, how to concentrate and focus, and also how to interact with people. Some children are shy and by participating they will learn how to do all of those things. Russell Granet stated, â€Å"When I grew up, it was standard to have a music teacher and a visual arts teacher, and you almost always did a school musical†. If a child starts in kindergarten, they will learn how to be confident, how to concentrate and focus, and also how to interact with people. Some children are shy and by participating they will learn how to do all of those things. Russell Granet stated, â€Å"When I grew up, it was standard to have a music teacher and a visual arts teacher, and you almost always did a school musical†. Schools that went without art classes suffered greatly. For example some schools in New York were doing budget cuts and decided to cut most of their art classes and their student graduation rate wasn’t as high. Once the art classes were put back in progress, the graduation rate went back up. Russell Granet stated â€Å"There was a study asking graduates what they remembered most about kindergarten through twelfth grade, more than fifty percent said it was an arts experience†. People rarely think of arts education as survival skills. Ken Jarboe stated, â€Å"All these skills observing, envisioning, innovating through exploration, and reflective self- evaluation is exactly what is needed†. In this quotation, Jarboe is saying art gives you all kinds of skills used to be successful. Russell Granet stated, â€Å"I worked on a program that brought arts back into the curriculum at New York City middle schools. We worked at a school in Bed- Stuy, when I first went there; I walked the halls and didn’t feel safe. The school had low attendance, low test scores; morale was low. Within three years, it was a different place†. In this quotation, Granet is saying he knew the best way to get that school back on its feet was to work his hardest and get art put back in that school. Arts education has a measurable impact on at-risk youth in preventing delinquent behavior and absence problems while also increasing overall academic performance among those youth engaged in after school and summer arts programs targeted toward delinquency prevention. Ken Jarboe stated, â€Å"There is a good reason to teach art in schools, and it is not the one that art supporters tend to fall back on. Arts education is becoming as important as standardized test†. In this quotation Jarboe is saying it is a good reason to teach art in schools and art is as important as a standardized test. Some Reasons to take art in high school are to do something different and to do something challenging. An additional reason is a student might find a hidden talent. â€Å"Explaining the benefits of art children experiences a sense of freedom while learning† (Srivastava). While in art children, feel like they have the freedom to draw whatever and express themselves. For preschool children, art benefits them in drawing, sculpting and other visual arts. It also helps in memorizing things such as a story or song. Programs in art education can potentially help students to excel in other academic areas, particularly in reading and math. About ninety-three percent of Americans believe that art is vital in providing an artistic outlet for children. About eighty-six percent of Americans â€Å"agree an arts education encourages and assists in the improvement of a child’s attitude toward school† (Ruppert 5). About eighty-three percent of Americans believe that arts education helps teach children how to communicate. About seventy-nine percent of Americans â€Å"agree incorporating the arts into education is the first step in adding back what’s missing in public education today† (Ruppert 5). Another seventy-nine percent of Americans believe â€Å"it is important enough for them to get involved in the amount and quality of arts education† (Ruppert 5). About fifty-four percent of Americans rate the importance of art a ten on a scale from one to ten (Ruppert 5). Participating in art activities help children in understanding human experiences, adapting to and respecting others ways of thinking and ideas. Art class feels like a safe haven from the outside world, a place for them to really get in touch with themselves and healthily express their pain and frustration. It also provides structure for activities outside of school such as family activities. The families not only learn more about art but also learn how to get along with each other because some families do not and the only time that child is happy is when they are at school away from that family. For a young person’s growth and development, being educated in art is considered to be important. Art stimulates and develops a child’s imagination. Creating art projects is a way to stimulate a child’s imagination. For example, giving a child Legos and letting them build whatever they want. It also has a tremendous impact in teaching life skills. Some benefits arts education provides are it develops problem-solving skills, heightens self-esteem, allows for expression and creativity, improves academic performance, improves visual discrimination skills, improves concentration, and improves social skills. Another benefit is hand-eye coordination. For example, holding a narrow paint brush and cutting with scissors. Another benefit of art a person acquires is expresses a deeper understanding of culture and history. Like what was said before art helps with memorizing things and that helps in memorizing different dates in history. If a student misses a math class, he or she would be missing out on some important information for that day and will be behind for a while. The same goes for art. The skills learned in art cannot be learned anywhere else. Art benefits the brain by teaching it to think outside the box. It helps children understand concepts easier. Art education teaches life skills such as learning to solve problems and make decisions. It also nurtures important values. Art improves cognitive abilities and provides individuals with the ability to enjoy the life encouraging desires of making art. Other benefits art offers are team-building skills, respecting different perspectives and being aware of diverse beliefs and backgrounds. In art classes, a student will have to learn how to work together asking for help, or even having to work on a drawing together. If a student does have to work with another person on a painting or drawing a student will have to listen to that person’s ideas and if both of them have different viewpoints on something, each will have to respect that person’s viewpoints and vise versa. The same goes for being aware of different cultures and traditions. The arts also add to the education of young children by helping them realize the extent of human experience, see the diverse ways humans express feelings and convey meaning, and improve delicate and complex forms of thinking. Some people may paint or draw when they are feeling down or hurt. Art also helps children how to concentrate and focus while they are doing different things such as studying or trying to memorize something word for word. With that being said it helps you to gain more knowledge when it comes to your school subjects because you are learning how to concentrate. Some people were not able to be in any art classes when they were in school so they learn about art when their child comes home and tells them about it. The child is so excited about a drawing they drew or a painting they painted and they want to show their parents. The parents see how happy and excited their child is and wants to continue to have their child in that specific art class because they see their cheerfulness. â€Å"Attendance is higher in schools with art programs† (Granet) and this is why. It is a proven fact that when an art of some sort is combined with a core subject students seem to learn it better than not having that art included in that lesson. For example if a student is in a Spanish class learning new words and the Spanish teacher adds a fun activity to help the students learn those specific words. For instance, if the students are learning how to say different types of clothing the teacher could have an activity where the students are participating in a fashion show and while one student is walking down the runway the students that are watching is writing down what they are wearing and that is a way for those students to learn and it makes it fun for them. In conclusion participating in arts education in your school years is extremely important because you learn valuable skills. A person learns skills used for everyday life such as having self-esteem, problem-solving skills, and teaches a person to be creative. Also most Americans believe art in school is important because it teaches a child how to communicate with another person and in today’s society if you don’t know how to talk to someone or talk in front of someone and not be nervous that person is going to have a hard time trying to get a job. Also most people believe art in school prevents students to interact in bad behavior.

Social Segregation in the Developing World

Social Segregation in the Developing World Third world countries or developing countries, as result of globalisation confronting widening economic disparities in established urban socio-economic groups is now become much deeper and polarized rich and poor group. This paper aims to particular focus on Indian city Mumbai as example of developing world and its social segregation. India is recognized to be at its peak of economic development. A rapidly developing country placed at 5th position in world as economic giant. Mumbai acts as driving engine of this economic growth. However, this paper is an attempt to do close study to revels ugly truth of economic growth and social structure of Indian city Mumbai. Mumbai as mega city performs as magnet for employment, industrial and trading hub, education centres tends to attracts migrants from varying region or backgrounds, eventually leading to overpopulation in city. Overpopulation has various repercussions on city and its life style. This paper tries to assess this trend of migration in Mumbai city. Degeneration in Mumbai city life is profoundly visible in proliferations of slums or as they popularly referred as ghettos in western world. Dharavi is one of the famous and unique slums in Mumbai. Dharavi routinely called as embarrassing eyesore in the middle of Indian financial capital (Mumbai). But question is evolved, why Dharavi area developed as slums? Major reason behind these phenomena is incompatibility between demand and supply subsequently gives birth to generation of urban underclasses with totally different standards and values. Social polarization leads as major reason to spatial segregation as result unrealistic housing prizes. Eventually in last decade government introduced many policies and redevelopments plans for Dharvi but every occasion it fails to give desire results. This paper aim to do critical analysis on role of urban planning in redeveloping Dharavi slums, why government fails to redevelop Dharavi since last decades? Could physical land control have ability to reverse social polarization? Could socio- economic integration really achieved in Indian tradition which deeply rooted in class system? Who will be real benefiters of development in current capitalism world? Could good urban design solution provide opportunities to poor social class in new globalized market economy? This paper structure divided into four segments as follows:- Social polarization in developing countries India. Conflicted urbanism in Dharavi. Dharavi redevelopment project proposal. Socio economic integration possible or it is mission impossible. Social Polarization and Segregation in developing country India:- India as developing country recognized to be at its peak of economic development since independence 60 years ago. However critical analysis of the social and economic structure revels the ugly truth which bizarrely contradictory nature of the predicted economic giant or superpower ( see Garewal 2005). India experiences concentration of high economic development around major centers while majority of the country shows very slow rate of development. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai are metropolitan regions acting as driving engine for country. They have historically been known as employments magnets, industrial hubs, education centers and trade cores making them as most developed cities in nation and at same time the most diverse economies. Extreme polarities between rural and urban areas in nation caused the rural-urban migration phenomena. It always triggers rural people to migrate into most developed cities, in search for better standard of living and employment opportunities. This trend of migration eventually leads to the overpopulation in city; it also contributes to elevated level of poverty, illiteracy and crime in city. Eventually an underlying phenomena experienced by city is the evolution of dichotomy economies, where informal economic sector is created by low- income groups. Even though employment generating capacity of Mumbai attracts migrants, huge amount of jobs created in recent years have mostly been the informal service sectors. Due to nature of informal service sector employment results in abysmal living condition. Workers those who are migrating from rural to urban areas forced to take up the informal service sector jobs because of lack of skill and education which leads into lower wages, poor standard of living and contributed to proliferations of slums. Thus economy of city flourishes but social and physical aspects of city suffers degeneration. In analysing segregation there is an urgent need to study and create for the implication of development tools such as zoning, urban renewal etc; and how they define socio economic and spatial pattering of society. Most of time built environment practitioners give significance to spatial integration without considering the structural aspects of segregations. A major reason behind failure in integrative efforts is lack of appreciation of the underlying socio economic structures of the segregated society. Gist and Fana observed that city dwellers are independent in their struggle for social position and convenient location in city. Villaca (2001) considers social segregation as a process through which the upper class control the process of urban land production. Urban land considered as resource produced, yet which cannot be reproduced by human labour. (Castells, 1978), Treanor (1998) Claims that segregation is beyond planning and zoning. Although urban unity, multifunctional cities, open interaction and classless societies are desirable. He believes that trying to mix different classes together is futile. Surely, this is the only true for society organized along classes. Conflicted Urbanization in Dharavi:- In recent years Dharavi became iconic symbol of slums in Asia which is located at heart of Mumbai India. Covering 239 hectares and estimated population between 700,000 and 1 million people (BBC,2006; Sharma 2000). Historically Dharavi evolved from small fishing village that lived on swampy inlet which was fed by the Arabian Sea. Much changed for the kolis throughout Mumbais urbanization process. As they began to face occupational displacement during the development of the city (Vora Palishikar, 2003:173). Dharavi gradually constructed by its citizen through growing collection of waste and debris that effectively operated as in fill on top of the swamp (Urbanoligy 2008:12). As per current scenario Dharavi itself is made up of 85 nagars, all of which distinct character (Patel Arputhan 2007).Dharavi popularly known as a dirty accompanied by hazardous living condition without basic services. It is partly this but it much more. Dharvi is characterized by its intrinsic permanence, multiplicity, dynamism, density, scale and thus find itself at the heart of the challenging and highly contested debate over the present and future of the city. International developers, bureaucrats, state agencies, civil society and social movements are involved in various confrontations over land, density, typology and right to live a decent life while market pressure and significant government towards becoming world class city as expressed through vision futuristic Dubai and Shanghai like mega scale projects and thus wiping out slums. Mukesh Mehta (Chairman, MM projects consultants) stated that, If Mumbai was going to achieve its stated destiny of becoming a world-class metropolis, a rival to Chinas soaring Shanghai, how could that happen when every bit of open space was covered with these eyesores, these human dumps where no one paid taxes? If India were to become the ideal consumer society, it would have to develop a true middle class-and housing would be the engine. The slums would have to be reclaimed. Such circumstances enlarges window of opportunities for Lefebvrian Right to the city demand. Which is not about inclusion in structurally unequal, exploitative and insecure system but about democratising cities and their decision making process (Meyer 2009) Dharavi Redevelopment project proposal:- Due to strategic location and the demographic pressure on island city, Dharavi appeared as eyesore for government and thus global transformative goals were set up for Dharvi. Eventually Dharavi redevelopment project (DRP) was introduced as integrated special planning area in 2004. State government hired Architect Mr.Mukesh Mehta. He proposed several physical alterations for Dharvi with a vision substantiated by its artificial and instrumental division of Dharavi into 5 sectors and all these 5 sectors to be allotted to the five different private developers with no reference to existing communities in Dharavi. At initial satge 57,000 families will be rehabilitated into high rise housing blocks. Each family entitled to 225 sqft of housing close to their current residences with indoor sanitation services. In return, for erecting the free buildings private developers will be awarded with handsome incentives to build for profit housing to be sold out at high market price. Proposal increase the floor space index for region which contributed to higher urban densities; and adaptation of a spatial transformation from horizontal low rise slums to high rise podium style typology. Basically replacing informal settlements with high rise developments irrespective of the vibrant economy and society. Announcement from DRP was issued by Maharastra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) in June 2007 and received with mixed emotions. The times of India reported, the initial site purchase bidding was to attract international interest from developers of the highest calibre, with an expression of interest from (EoI) costing 1 lakh, a minimum opening bid of Rs 1000 crore and over 4000 crore to be expected in profits (TNN, 2007). Initial document submitted by Architect Mukesh Mehta was hired by state government in which five developers plan was taken unanimously without any significant call citizens input (Patel Arputham, 2007). This massive mega project seems to be homogenous in its aims and modernistic in its vision, thus a grassroots movement has emerged. Socio economic integration possible or it is mission impossible:- As megacity and flourishing economy Mumbai population continue to grow it always accompanied problem providing housing to people with good living conditions. So it is argued that high land cost dictate high density developments that cannot support communal service and open spaces for family living. But Charles Correa Belapur project has proven the opposite. Most great cities were terrible places, but their inhabitants were sustained by the myth, the overall image with which a citys identity is inextricably fused. The key to handling urban expansion, was not decentralization and dispersal to rural hinterlands, but increasing the absorptive capacity of the metropolitan conglomeration (Charles Correa,2001) The major reason behind vast growth of Mumbai lay in sheer success of its mass transit system, the parallel local railway lines running across the north and south tip of the Mumbai which subsidized fares provides opportunities to grow beautifully. Migrants into Mumbai quickly identify sites adjacent to railway lines on which to establish new squatter settlements, allowing them to easy access to their job. Most of the migrants coming to Mumbai for job 40 per cent of them from village population was landless labour therefore giving them housing unconnected to their job is futile. By subsidizing fares in effect you subsidise housing but another vital way of generating jobs is by designing small scale, high density housing that can build by using fairly traditional construction skills of ordinary mason and electrician. Doubling the height doesnt double the density, while the open spaces around high rises are wasted. We must know how big the number are in terms of dwelling required becaus e it sends adrenalin through our system (Charles Correa, 2001) Artist village design by Architect Charles Correa is one of the projects of urban housing design solution as open field project which help to make good feet in social interaction in different urban classes; it generates sense of belonging at the same time preserve traditional values and character of the place consequently crate identity of its own in urban era. Designers vision and innovative urban solution of low rise architecture and high density planning gives stimuli to concept of low rise architecture with amenities and social integration through housing projects in urban era. The 55 hectors Artist Village project of interesting mix of Goan atmosphere and Belapure city culture. Project was built for middle and lower income groups. Traditional building style which had been served from built environment in urban cities. Designers bring back the courtyard style traditional buildings which inherently have communal spaces built within their layout. Designers deep understanding of the nature of cities reflected in residential cluster modules which are simple in design but relate with each other in complex way. This housing project introduces the quality of life like village but sophistication of the city. Each cluster permits appearance of hyper local community feeling while at the same time each house integrated to the whole settlement at different levels. The hierarchy of entire project is organic. Artist village aimed to accommodate densities closed to achieve by high rise still providing the environment and life style more closely associated with rural areas in India. Artist Village project have small site despite of that architect manage to provide every house with their own private open to sky terrace and shared courtyard. Project was designed by taking consideration of its occupants, such that resident going to alter it many ways, making it truly their own, therefore homes were designed to be free standing so resident can add on to them as their families grow. Another major attribute is houses were priced differently so it can appeal to wide variety of income group. Mumbai and Dharavi are under microscopic observation and analysis since 1990. An accumulative effort of institution, organization and professionals amplify opportunities for Dharavi redevelopment. Dharvi as an example of urban mixite as ground field project, on one hand we can say it is informal settlement in Mumbai but on the other hand it is just not informal settlement but it is living, breeding and feeding organism. Urban form such as Dharavi not only provides shelter to its inhabitants but also fulfilled massive amount of economic opportunities to informal sector of Mumbai. Urban pattern and spatial organization of Dharavi is interrelation of activities of its inhabitants. Considering Dharvi inhabitant being involved in day long economic activities and the need of storage of raw material, organization and distribution of goods, climate change are translated in architectural language of buildings in Dharavi. The integration of these grey economic activities makes Dharavi more attractive for even world-wide famous designers. Most certainly Dharvai is not perfect place to live where lack of sanitation facilities, overcrowded streets, small houses, shelter hardly protect from sun, wind and rain, can be no mean to call it as liveable environment, despite of that Dharavi successfully revels mixite in urban social and economic environment is possible. Environment created by people for themselves where no superior planning strategies take place. Urban fabric of Dharavi shows that shops, workshops, small industries and senior citizens spaces, nurseries, schools, religious places can exist adjacent to each other. Unfortunately Mumbai city urban planners adopt Shanghai as development model where traffic congestion, migration and increasing population, global economy used as excuses. Architect Mukesh Mehta claims that his redevelopment or makeover proposal for Dharavi integrate slum dwellers into main stream. If we give them surroundings that are dignified they will live more dignified life.(AR.Mukesh Mehta Chairman, MM projects consultants) but on the other side slum dwellers thrown out of their homes with one day notice to find alternative housing, rendering close to million people homeless. The government authorities claim that housing in the form of council flats will be provided to residents, who can produce their documents of tenure in the city, hence question evolved for undocumented families. Most of the workers or occupants are landless and serving in informal service sector and undocumented although resident of the city from decades and contributing to success of city economy. Municip al authorities, policemen and politician have connived over the years to build slums and settle migrants to do vote bank politics. Such slums demolition and redevelopment project expanding the monopoly of the rich and excluding the low income groups who lack in political and social status. For better understanding of urban mixite in different geography, we need to get back to vernacular architecture and grass root settlement; we should preserve soul, character and local culture of the city. Urban planner and designers need to understand hidden dynamics behind un-aesthetic faà §ade. We need to study how they tightly packed still efficient to serve and living and working place at same time. New cityscape appears similar with each other and it is difficult to distinguish one from another resulting lacking of input of their localities. One could argue that Dharavi is in itself becoming a conceptual resource model, representing contested urbanism and slums rehabilitations. Just as Los Angeles and Las Vegas have become urban ideologies, through Mike Daniss City of Quartz and Venturis Learning from Las Vegas; so too has Mumbai (Dharavi) become an international prolific ground for debates and research (Dr.Camillo Boano) Conclusion:- A vision without plan is a dream A plan without vision is sheer drudgery A vision with plan can change world. Adapted from the Mt.Abu Declaration If we consider city as a fabric then that fabric should interwoven with thread as equity,dignity,infrastructure(transportation,communication,water,sanitaion)quality food, affordable housing, clean air, employments, open spaces, recreational spaces. If we missed out to interwoven any one of thread consequently the quality of fabric will be poor. Through the discussion in this paper its evident that, any solution offered for attainment of integration should not be overlook social and economic realities. In recent years we see emerging patterns in society towards traditional planning that is inherently inclusive in nature. More pragmatic approach is essential to change planning theories to create societies that are socially healthy and balanced and whose inhabitants mutually benefits from proximity to each other. Space planners need to carry out space planning meticulously that caters all social class; more and more spaces should keep accessible in planning which promote social integration and assist for sustainable growth. Neighbourhood need to addressed appropriate socio-economic mix of residents, mix of races, ethnicity and income level contributes to reduce criminality. As urban designers we need to understand that neighbourhoods it just not physical space occupied by the people but its multidimensional spatial and temporal experience produces by communities, individual history and productive activities. Based on discussion in this paper following are few recommendation to initiates and further integration as it relates to housing:- Policies should be made to provide more subsidised low and moderate rental units to counter market. Policies should be made for private developers to ensure that they add low income group units with high income group. Planning focus should be set in such manner where urban district resident should involve in socio-economic and cultural activities. Fundamental changes are required to make neighbourhoods more functional by infusion of new building types, new life style, and developments of distinguishable neighbourhoods, integration of living and work places, replacement of problematic buildings with unique buildings.

The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics Essay -- Math Philosophy Philos

The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics ABSTRACT: The issue of the status of mathematical knowledge a priori or a posteriori has been repeatedly considered by the philosophy of mathematics. At present, the development of computer technology and their enhancement of the everyday work of mathematicians have set a new light on the problem. It seems that a computer performs two main functions in mathematics: it carries out numerical calculations and it presents new areas of research. Thanks to cooperation with the computer, a mathematician can gather different data and facts concerning the issue of interest. Moreover, he or she can carry out different "tests" with the aid of a computer. For instance, one can study strange attractors, chaotic dynamics, and fractal sets. By this we may talk about a specific experimentation in mathematics. The use of this kind of testing in mathematical research results in describing it as an experimental science. The goal of the paper is to attempt to answer the questions: does mathematics reall y transform into experimental or quasi-experimental science and does mathematics vary from axiomatic-deductive science into empirical science? For thirty years the computer has been used by mathematicians to solve some problems. Automatic proving of theorems, proofs obtained with the aid of the computer for the theorems whose traditional proofs are not known (e.g. the four colour problem), using computer graphics, observations of different systems behaviour with parameters changed, solving differential equations, integration — these are only a few possibilities of computer application in mathematics. Using the computer created new work conditions for a mathematician, at the same time bringing about severa... ...objects. Because there can be shown an analogy between mathematics and natural sciences. Physical objects are recognized in the process of our experiencing materialistic reality. The experiment in natural sciences can be defined as a dialogue between the learning subject and the nature, which exists objectively. If we treat the experiment in mathematics in similar way, then there has to be two interlocutors: a mathematician and the field of mathematical objects, subjected to its own rules independent on the researcher's will. Notes (1) B.Mandelbrot in the context of using computer graphics states that: "The eye deserves to be made an integral part of the process of scientific thought" ("Opinions", Fractals 1(1993)1, p.120). (2) Those examples are quoted by G.Polya in "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning", vol. I, Princeton-New Jersey 1954, p. 90-100, 168. The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics Essay -- Math Philosophy Philos The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics ABSTRACT: The issue of the status of mathematical knowledge a priori or a posteriori has been repeatedly considered by the philosophy of mathematics. At present, the development of computer technology and their enhancement of the everyday work of mathematicians have set a new light on the problem. It seems that a computer performs two main functions in mathematics: it carries out numerical calculations and it presents new areas of research. Thanks to cooperation with the computer, a mathematician can gather different data and facts concerning the issue of interest. Moreover, he or she can carry out different "tests" with the aid of a computer. For instance, one can study strange attractors, chaotic dynamics, and fractal sets. By this we may talk about a specific experimentation in mathematics. The use of this kind of testing in mathematical research results in describing it as an experimental science. The goal of the paper is to attempt to answer the questions: does mathematics reall y transform into experimental or quasi-experimental science and does mathematics vary from axiomatic-deductive science into empirical science? For thirty years the computer has been used by mathematicians to solve some problems. Automatic proving of theorems, proofs obtained with the aid of the computer for the theorems whose traditional proofs are not known (e.g. the four colour problem), using computer graphics, observations of different systems behaviour with parameters changed, solving differential equations, integration — these are only a few possibilities of computer application in mathematics. Using the computer created new work conditions for a mathematician, at the same time bringing about severa... ...objects. Because there can be shown an analogy between mathematics and natural sciences. Physical objects are recognized in the process of our experiencing materialistic reality. The experiment in natural sciences can be defined as a dialogue between the learning subject and the nature, which exists objectively. If we treat the experiment in mathematics in similar way, then there has to be two interlocutors: a mathematician and the field of mathematical objects, subjected to its own rules independent on the researcher's will. Notes (1) B.Mandelbrot in the context of using computer graphics states that: "The eye deserves to be made an integral part of the process of scientific thought" ("Opinions", Fractals 1(1993)1, p.120). (2) Those examples are quoted by G.Polya in "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning", vol. I, Princeton-New Jersey 1954, p. 90-100, 168.

Details of an Energy Audit

Contentss page Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Brief background on energy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1.1 The difference between a kW and a watt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1.1.1 How much energy do you devour in a month, twelvemonth, hence how make you cipher these values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1.1.2 Calendar months of the twelvemonth you consume a batch electricity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Appliances that consume a batch of electricity in your household†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Recommendations on how you could cut down your electricity bill†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 How much you could salvage per month†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Disadvantages of cut downing your energy bill†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2-3 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Abstraction Today in South Africa we are holding outages in our power supply of which is a job that is caused by direction, utmost conditions conditions, the presence of few natural stuffs and works failure. The intent of my research is to make an energy audit for my place and hence usage it to gauge approximately the figure of other families excepting me that are practising the same life style as mine in order to find the whole consequence it can hold countrywide I will utilize all my findings to my advantage which includes, largely of import to utilize energy more expeditiously, prevent doing hit-or-miss determinations refering energy use and besides to seek to plan and/or manage energy workss more sagely. Hence I can still utilize my consequences to happen out the tendencies and forms of energy use overtime. My findings are as follows, we have peak and off-peak seasons of energy use, and besides we have reasonably adequate difference in our measure statements. Energy audits are non utile at a ll cost unless you will implement all the recommendations stated on the analysis. Introduction Last twelvemonth in South Africa we started to see a deficit supply once more like 2008, of electricity from ESKOM which resulted in burden sloughing and curtailment as control measures to this issue. My hypothesis for this research is as follows, there is an addition or diminution of energy ingestion in my place during peak and off-peak seasons. All the findings that I will bring forth will be reflecting my home’s energy ingestion. When I did this study I had some few ends in head that I wanted to accomplish, foremost I want to implement practical methods which are really effectual in salvaging energy, secondly I want to do an consciousness of what are the possible hereafter events that we can see as a consequence of taking hit-or-miss determinations sing energy, hence I want them to do deliberate moves whenever they use electricity and my last purpose is to convert my parents to implement every bit many as possible of my recommendations when it comes to power salvaging, from what I have I can state that my energy study will assist me and my household to accomplish this job we are presently confronting at the minute. Method In this subdivision I will demo all my general scientific process I used to obtain my consequences logically. First I collected all the pieces of information that I will necessitate to do my undertaking a world, this includes:Energy measures, and general information about my place i.e. which devices do we utilize and how long do we utilize themBRIEF BACKGROUND ON ENERGY 1.1.1The difference between a kW and a W A kW and a W they both measure the same measure i.e. power ( the rate at which work is done ) , the lone difference is that a W is 1*10-3a kW, and the unit of measuring of kW.h is the work done ( i.e. the energy ) the merchandise of power and the clip taken T. 1.1.2 How much energy do you devour in a month, twelvemonth, how do you cipher these Numberss? I will presume that a month has 30 yearss for computation intents, hence I will utilize table 1 on page 5 for all the relevant values required in the computations: Tocopherol ( kWh/day ) =P ( kilowatt ) *t ( h/day ) ?1000 ( w/kW ) and for the cost I will utilize this expression Cost ( cents/day ) =E ( kWh/day ) *Cost ( cents/kWh ) ?100 ( cents/R ) . Our tariff charge in Nkomazi municipality is R1.3531 per kWh unit. Energy In a month=E*30 yearss and in a twelvemonth is E*365 for an single contraption. Calendar months of the twelvemonth where electricity is consumed the most June-August is regarded as the clip of the twelvemonth were the is a really high demand of electricity because of the rough conditions conditions that are outside, people tend to prosecute themselves into indoor activities or watch Television for the whole twenty-four hours, and besides due to the utmost conditions people use a batch of heating contraptions to maintain themselves warm during winter Devicess that consume a batch of electricity in my familyall the devices that are highlighted in yellow in table 1.i used the expression stated beneath to cipher this. Recommendations on how you could cut down your energy measureHeat the H2O with a boiler instead than a pot, rinse your dishes utilizing your custodies prevent utilizing the lavation machine, ne'er leave your Fe unattended, purchase a new theoretical account icebox since it saves more energy. Ensure that you unplug the microwave since it uses energy to maintain the clock show on. I suggest that you continue utilizing your ceiling fan than purchasing the air conditioner. Amount you can salvage p/m if you implement the above recommendationsthe sum you can salvage is indicated on the appendix page,I assumed that you decrease the clip use by 5 % except for the icebox. Disadvantages of using my recommendations stated beneath You will stop up non finishing your undertakings up to the maximal degree a good illustration is when utilizing a computing machine. Again when you cut the clip for the visible radiation bulbs finally you will be in the dark. Furthermore if you want to cut the clip for the icebox you will stop up holding spoiled nutrient material. Decision From this energy audit it is clear that if you will utilize an contraption for a long clip it will devour a batch of energy, therefore even though an contraption have a lower power evaluation but if you will utilize it for a long clip it will devour a batch of energy. Sing the affair of cut downing the electricity measure for some contraptions I don’t see it as a good thought since you might stop up non working up to the peak degree of your undertakings. MentionsRichard, M. Felder,Ronald, W. Rousseau.2005.Elementary rules of chemical procedure.3rdEdition. United States of America:John Wiley & A ; Sons, Inc. Lynne C. Capehart,Barney L. Capehart.Writing user- friendly Energy audits studies. University of Florida energy analysis and diagnostic. Department of Industrial and Systems technology. Deon Conradie. 2014/15.Duty& A ;Charges booklet. South Africa. The Eskom Company. Singer, Brett C. , Jennifer L. Coughlin, and Paul Mathew,Summary of Information and Resources Related to Energy Use in Hospitals-Version 1.0,Report # LBNL-2744, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, October 2009, pp 53. , hypertext transfer protocol: //hightech.lbl.gov/documents/healthcare/lbnl-2744e.pdf Specialists in Business Information,Energy-Efficient Home Renovations Market, Full Report,December 2009, 248 pp. , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sbireports.com/Energy-Efficient-Home-2287648/ . Accessed April 2015. Sanchez, Marla, Carrie Webber, Richard Brown, John Busch, Margaret Pinckard, and Judy Roberson,Space Heaters, Computers, Cell phone Chargers: How plugged in Are Commercial Buildings? Report # LBNL-62397, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, February 2007, 15 pp. , hypertext transfer protocol: //enduse.lbl.gov/info/LBNL-62397.pdf. Rogers, David, â€Å"Data Centers: Cost and Energy Savings† ( Presentation at the Program Meeting, Long Beach, California, 2008 ) , http: //www.cee1.org/cee/mtg/01-08ppt/thursday/23RogersBCHydroaData % 20Centers01172008.pdf Ostendorp, Peter, Suzanne Foster, and Chris Calwell,Televisions: Mode Energy Use and Opportunities for Energy Savings,NRDC Issue Paper, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington D.C. , March 2005, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrdc.org/air/energy/energyeff/tv.pdf American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy,Emerging engineerings study: In-Home energy usage shows.Washington, D.C. , July, 2007, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aceee.org/emertech/2006_EnergyDisplays.pdf Appendix Table 1: Appliances that uses electricityAppliancekilowatthrs./dayE/dayE/monthE/yearDishwasher1.200.7500.90027.0329Microwave1.400.4200.58817.6214Refrigerator0.35012.94.521341650Washing machine0.5000.4290.2156.4578.5Iron1.100.5000.55016.5200Computer0.2005.001.0030.0365Fan ceiling0.1004.500.45013.5164Television 13’’0.06004.500.2708.1098.6Light bulbs0.06006.000.3601081314Toaster1.100.1800.1985.9472.3Electric range4.000.9103.641091329Blender0.3000.05830.01750.52563.9Kettle2.000.4080.81624.5298Table 2: Cost of the contraptions per month before and after 5 % decreaseAppliancesCost/day ( before )Cost/day ( after )Monthly Cost ( before )Monthly cost ( 5 % )SalvagingDishwasher0.1220.1163.663.480.18Refrigerator0.0611†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1.83†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .Washing machine0.002900.002760.08700.08280.00420Iron0.007440.007080.2230.2120.0110Computer0.01350.01290.4050.3860.0190Fan ceiling0.006090.005790.1830.1740.00900Television 13’’0.003650.003480.1100.1040.00600Toaster0.002680.002540.08040.07620.00420Electric range0.04930.04681.481.400.0800Blender0.0002370.0002250.007110.006750.000360Kettle0.01100.01050.3300.3150.0150Microwave0.007960.007570.2390.2270.0120Light bulbs0.04870.04631.461.390.0700*Note there are no values for the icebox since cut downing the sum clip will do the nutrient inside to botch. Monthly cost after 5 % reduction=sum of single cost *100=R785.40c excepting the icebox ( if included =R968.40c ) Cost before reduction=R826.50c therefore the economy is R41.10c excl. icebox.

TEENAGE PARENTS essays

TEENAGE PARENTS essays STRESS AND COPING MANAGEMENT OF TEENAGE PARENTS Life is a series of choices. Deciding whether to marry, whether to have children, whether to have two careers in one marriage, and whether to view a situation positively are among the more important choices you will ever make in your lifetime. And besides of all this choices, problems may appear and turn to stress that people encounter in daily living. Stress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment; it has physical and emotional effects on us and can create positive or negative feelings. As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to action; it can result in a new awareness and an exciting new perspective. As a negative influence, it can result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger and depression, which in turn can lead to health problems such as headaches, upset stomach, rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. With the death of loved one, the birth of the child, a job promotion, or a new relationship, we experience stress as we readjust our lives. In so adjusting to different circumstances, stress will help or hinder us depending on how we react to it. Moreover, stress is, of course, an inevitable part of every one's life. Some stress is essential, and some is actually energizing. As a leading researcher said, "comple te freedom from stress is death" ( Selye, 1980). On the other hand, early marriage can lead to a couple a number of potential problem. Couple should be aware all the possible difficulties which could lie ahead. There's a lot of problems that may arise in early marriage. Like for instance, the problem of adequate financial support is obvious. Although money does not buy happiness, it is true a tight financial situation can create tensions, which can undermine an otherwise happy relationship. While some financial problems are to be expected in almos...